515 research outputs found
Understanding citizen science and environmental monitoring: final report on behalf of UK Environmental Observation Framework
Citizen science can broadly be defined as the involvement of volunteers in science. Over the past decade there has
been a rapid increase in the number of citizen science initiatives. The breadth of environmental-based citizen
science is immense. Citizen scientists have surveyed for and monitored a broad range of taxa, and also contributed
data on weather and habitats reflecting an increase in engagement with a diverse range of observational science.
Citizen science has taken many varied approaches from citizen-led (co-created) projects with local community
groups to, more commonly, scientist-led mass participation initiatives that are open to all sectors of society. Citizen
science provides an indispensable means of combining environmental research with environmental education and
wildlife recording.
Here we provide a synthesis of extant citizen science projects using a novel cross-cutting approach to objectively
assess understanding of citizen science and environmental monitoring including: 1. Brief overview of knowledge on the motivations of volunteers.
2. Semi-systematic review of environmental citizen science projects in order to understand the variety of
extant citizen science projects.
3. Collation of detailed case studies on a selection of projects to complement the semi-systematic review.
4. Structured interviews with users of citizen science and environmental monitoring data focussing on policy, in
order to more fully understand how citizen science can fit into policy needs.
5. Review of technology in citizen science and an exploration of future opportunities
Ten principles of citizen science
Citizen science, the active participation of the public in scientific research projects, is a rapidly expanding field in open science and open innovation. It provides an integrated model of public knowledge production and engagement with science. As a growing worldwide phenomenon, it is invigorated by evolving new technologies that connect people easily and effectively with the scientific community. Catalysed by citizens’ wishes to be actively involved in scientific processes, as a result of recent societal trends, it also offers contributions to the rise in tertiary education. In addition, citizen science provides a valuable tool for citizens to play a more active role in sustainable development.
This book identifies and explains the role of citizen science within innovation in science and society, and as a vibrant and productive science-policy interface. The scope of this volume is global, geared towards identifying solutions and lessons to be applied across science, practice and policy. The chapters consider the role of citizen science in the context of the wider agenda of open science and open innovation, and discuss progress towards responsible research and innovation, two of the most critical aspects of science today
Thermodynamics Inducing Massive Particles' Tunneling and Cosmic Censorship
By calculating the change of entropy, we prove that the first law of black
hole thermodynamics leads to the tunneling probability of massive particles
through the horizon, including the tunneling probability of massive charged
particles from the Reissner-Nordstr\"om black hole and the Kerr-Newman black
hole. Novelly, we find the trajectories of massive particles are close to that
of massless particles near the horizon, although the trajectories of massive
charged particles may be affected by electromagnetic forces. We show that
Hawking radiation as massive particles tunneling does not lead to violation of
the weak cosmic-censorship conjecture
Early lives: The late chalcolithic and early bronze age at Çadır höyük
Çadır Höyük, located in the Yozgat Province of the north-central Anatolian plateau, was continuously occupied from the late sixth millennium BCE until at least the thirteenth century CE. This article focuses on the fourth millennium BCE during which the Uruk System in southern Mesopotamia emerged, flourished and then retracted, and the Kura-Araxes culture from Transcaucasia ventured into Anatolia and the Levant. A close investigation of the Çadır settlement reveals a population that embraced the opportunities afforded it through the expanded trade and intercultural connections available during the millennium; the community transitioned into new socioeconomic patterns accompanied by changes in socioreligious and possibly sociopolitical behaviors. The disappearance of such opportunities at the end of the fourth millennium, rather than decimating a village that had come to rely on them, revealed the resilience of the community as it once again reoriented its focus to more local endeavors
A Conformally Invariant Holographic Two-Point Function on the Berger Sphere
We apply our previous work on Green's functions for the four-dimensional
quaternionic Taub-NUT manifold to obtain a scalar two-point function on the
homogeneously squashed three-sphere (otherwise known as the Berger sphere),
which lies at its conformal infinity. Using basic notions from conformal
geometry and the theory of boundary value problems, in particular the
Dirichlet-to-Robin operator, we establish that our two-point correlation
function is conformally invariant and corresponds to a boundary operator of
conformal dimension one. It is plausible that the methods we use could have
more general applications in an AdS/CFT context.Comment: 1+49 pages, no figures. v2: Several typos correcte
The Energy of Regular Black Hole in General Relativity Coupled to Nonlinear Electrodynamics
According to the Einstein, Weinberg, and M{\o}ller energy-momentum complexes,
we evaluate the energy distribution of the singularity-free solution of the
Einstein field equations coupled to a suitable nonlinear electrodynamics
suggested by Ay\'{o}n-Beato and Garc\'{i}a. The results show that the energy
associated with the definitions of Einstein and Weinberg are the same, but
M{\o}ller not. Using the power series expansion, we find out that the first two
terms in the expression are the same as the energy distributions of the
Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m solution, and the third term could be used to survey the
factualness between numerous solutions of the Einstein field eqautions coupled
to a nonlinear electrodynamics.Comment: 11 page
On the energy of charged black holes in generalized dilaton-axion gravity
In this paper we calculate the energy distribution of some charged black
holes in generalized dilaton-axion gravity. The solutions correspond to charged
black holes arising in a Kalb-Ramond-dilaton background and some existing
non-rotating black hole solutions are recovered in special cases. We focus our
study to asymptotically flat and asymptotically non-flat types of solutions and
resort for this purpose to the M{\o}ller prescription. Various aspects of
energy are also analyzed.Comment: LaTe
Distribution patterns of tau pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a 4R-tauopathy predominated by subcortical pathology in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia associated with various clinical phenotypes. In the present international study, we addressed the question of whether or not sequential distribution patterns can be recognized for PSP pathology. We evaluated heat maps and distribution patterns of neuronal, astroglial, and oligodendroglial tau pathologies and their combinations in different clinical subtypes of PSP in postmortem brains. W
Health Status and Health Care Use Among Adolescents Identified With and Without Autism in Early Childhood — Four U.S. Sites, 2018–2020
Persons identified in early childhood as having autism spectrum disorder (autism) often have co-occurring health problems that extend into adolescence (1–3). Although only limited data exist on their health and use of health care services as they transition to adolescence, emerging data suggest that a minority of these persons receive recommended guidance* from their primary care providers (PCPs) starting at age 12 years to ensure a planned transition from pediatric to adult health care (4,5). To address this gap in data, researchers analyzed preliminary data from a follow-up survey of parents and guardians of adolescents aged 12–16 years who previously participated in the Study to Explore Early Development (https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/seed.html). The adolescents were originally studied at ages 2–5 years and identified at that age as having autism (autism group) or as general population controls (control group). Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) that accounted for differences in demographic characteristics were used to compare outcomes between groups. Adolescents in the autism group were more likely than were those in the control group to have physical difficulties (21.2% versus 1.6%;aPR = 11.6;95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.2–31.9), and to have additional mental health or other condition
Features that best define the heterogeneity and homogeneity of autism in preschool-age children: A multisite case–control analysis replicated across two independent samples
The heterogeneous nature of children with symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) makes it difficult to identify risk factors and effective treatment options. We sought to identify behavioral and developmental features that best define the heterogeneity and homogeneity in 2–5-year-old children classified with ASD and subthreshold ASD characteristics. Children were enrolled in a multisite case–control study of ASD. Detailed behavioral and developmental data were gathered by maternal telephone interview, parent-administered questionnaires, child cognitive evaluation, and ASD diagnostic measures. Participants with a positive ASD screen score or prior ASD diagnosis were referred for comprehensive evaluation. Children in the ASD group met study criteria based on this evaluation; children who did not meet study criteria were categorized as having subthreshold ASD characteristics. There were 1480 children classified as ASD (81.6% boys) and 594 children classified as having subthreshold ASD characteristics (70.2% boys) in the sample. Factors associated with dysregulation (e.g., aggression, anxiety/depression, sleep problems) followed by developmental abilities (e.g., expressive and receptive language skills) most contributed to heterogeneity in both groups of children. Atypical sensory response contributed to homogeneity in children classified as ASD but not those with subthreshold characteristics. These findings suggest that dysregulation and developmental abilities are clinical features that can impact functioning in children with ASD and other DD, and that documenting these features in pediatric records may help meet the needs of the individual child. Sensory dysfunction could be considered a core feature of ASD and thus used to inform more targeted screening, evaluation, treatment, and research efforts. Lay summary: The diverse nature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) makes it difficult to find risk factors and treatment options. We identified the most dissimilar and most similar symptom(s) in children classified as ASD and as having subthreshold ASD characteristics. Factors associated with dysregulation and developmental abilities contributed to diversity in both groups of children. Sensory dysfunction was the most common symptom in children with ASD but not those with subthreshold characteristics. Findings can inform clinical practice and research
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